The Enron and Worldcom Scandals - 875 Words

E. Boos – Week 2 – Assignment February 17, 2013 The Enron and WoldCom Scandals ENRON 1. The segment of Enron’s operations that got them into difficulties had several parts. They published misleading financial reports. They could not meet their bridge financing commitment with Barclay Bank because outside investors were not found. Because of this, they restated activities of JEDI and Chewco SPEs so they could be retroactively consolidated into Enron’s accounts. The SPEs helped to hide the inaccurate accounting records. Enron’s legal department wrote contracts that helped provide a cover for misuse of funds regarding the SPEs. Future revenue was reported as current revenue. Stocks were paid with promissory†¦show more content†¦5. Ken Lay was chairperson of the board. He reassumed the position of CEO after Skilling resigned. As CEO he oversaw all of Enron’s activities. Lay and Whaley directed Causey to sell the Raptor SPEs. The sale price of was privately negotiated between Fastor, on behal f of Enron, and Kopper on behalf of LJM2. Lay did not interfere when Arthur Andersen directed Enron to record the buyout excess money as income. He knowingly allowed fraudulent activities and false information to be included in the financial reports. This was unethical. The Powers Report identifies seven questionable accounting issues concerning the sale of the Raptors (Brooks, 2007). 6. The board of directors did not insist that full disclosure of Enron’s earning be made available to the public and the shareholders. They allowed inaccurate reports to be published. Since they did not challenge management involvement in fraudulent activities, this meant the shareholders interests were not protected (Brooks, 2007). 9. Conflict of interest concerning SPE activities occurred because Enron employees were active in managing certain SPEs. Losses were not reported in end of year reports to offset other nonprofitable dealings. Arthur Andersen did not report all of the earnings and helped Enron cover up losses. When Andrew Fastow, wanted to manageShow MoreRelatedThe Enron and Worldcom Scandals1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enron and WorldCom scandals Enron #1. The segment that put Enron in difficulties was the LJM1. That SPE was the worst of all four SPE’s. This one had no independant investor that could put up the 3% that they needed for the controlling investor, where CHEWCO would work as a counterparty accounting to the Ugt;Sgt; guidelines. Enron already owned 97% of CHEWCO, where if they had a controlling investor, the profits from CHEWCO would go directly to Enron’s assets. Later, they did not findRead MoreAccounting Scandals. ENRON, WORLDCOM1894 Words   |  8 PagesENRON Enron shocked the world from being â€Å"America’s most innovative company† to America s biggest corporate bankruptcy at its time. At its peak, Enron was America s seventh largest corporation. Enron gave the illusion that it was a steady company with good revenue but that was not the case, a large part of Enron’s profits were made of paper. This was made possible by masterfully designed accounting and morally questionable acts by traders and executives. Deep debt and surfacing information aboutRead MoreFinancial Scandals Of Enron, Worldcom, And Tyco Occurred Risk Management1671 Words   |  7 PagesRisk Management After the major financial scandals of Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco occurred risk management became a high priority for companies. According to Brown, Steen, and Foreman (2009) risk management can be defined as the culture, processes, and structures that are directed towards taking advantage of potential opportunities while managing potential adverse effects† (p.547). To assist companies in the risk management process, companies are incorporating a risk management system, this helpsRead MoreEnron and Worldcom Case Study1225 Words   |  5 PagesEnron and WorldCom Case Study This report is based on the demise of Enron Corporation and WorldCom. Both the firms are demised due to the ethical lapses. These ethical lapses come into existence when managements of the firm, uses unethical practices to accomplish the goals of the firm. Maintaining financial and accounting standards in the business practices are necessary. The profession of accounting has become a mockery due to the accounting scandals that took place all over the world in theRead MoreEssay on The Consequences of Bad Business Decisions1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn todays world business is very competitive. To compete with other companys executives have turned to corrupt practices. Once respected businesses like Enron, WorldCom, and Arthur Anderson have been found deceiving there customers, stockholders, and employees. C.E.O.s try to achieve the American dream and pursue capitalism to its fullest potential. In doing so, business leaders have lost their values and ethics, and make bad business decis ions. The downfalls of a company are the consequence ofRead MoreCorporate Scandals And The Implact Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act1472 Words   |  6 PagesA LOOK AT CORPORATE SCANDALS AND THE IMPLACT OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I. INTRODUCTION An economic boom filled with fraud, collapsed in the early 2000s with the unravelling of Enron in October 2001 followed by the implosion of WorldCom and many others big corporations. The downfall of these major companies led to a wide spread crisis of confidence in the financial markets. A crisis caused by executive greed was able to be magnified when the gatekeepers, the auditors, lawyers and analystsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021133 Words   |  5 Pagesdirectly affected by these scandals, many were indirectly affected as well due to the externalities caused by these greedy firms. The industry, for example, was to be untrusted. To try and instill trust back into customers, the Securities and Exchange Committee proposed and implemented a new law. This policy was put in place to regulate the accounting practices and to make them more honest. Titled the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (enacted just after the WorldCom scandal), basically set rules and regulationsRead MoreCorpora te Scandals And Allegations Of Fraud1111 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate scandals and accusations of fraud have amplified intensely over the last decade. The cost of fraud has reached over $400 billion dollars a year, not to mention the loss of investments and jobs. Corporation fraud involves creative, complex methods in which to overstate revenues, understate expenses, over value assets, and underreport liabilities. To hide financial problems, management will manipulate stock prices, minimize taxable income, and maximize compensation. â€Å"It s been my experience†¦Read MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Summary And Introduction1714 Words   |  7 PagesReforms have been created to close the gap of corporate governance and financial reporting in order to prevent the reoccurrence of corporate scandals. Congress created a federal bill named the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act in July 2002 in response to the Enron and WorldCom scandals that introduced major changes to the regulation of corporate governance and financial practice in order to protect the interest of investors and the public (â€Å"Sarbanes-Oxley Act Summary and Introduction,† 2003). The Act is extensiveRead MoreEthics : Ethical And Ethical Considerations1741 Words   |  7 Pagescompany. For small business investors, creditors and managers being ethical is a simple way of staying out of trouble, and is easier to distinguish between right and wrong. WorldCom was one of the biggest telecommunication company that our world h as seen and also had one of the largest accounting frauds in history. WorldCom was a company that did not stay ethical in their ways of doing business. In accounting, the ethical consideration is honesty. You want to help your client to pay as little

Romanticism Response To The Industrial Revolution - 702 Words

Romanticism was a response towards the industrial revolution. The movement rejected the idea of reason that gripped the educational masses of earlier 18th century Europe. Romaticism idolized the unknown and the idea of personification. As romanticism started to dwindle in the mid 1800’s innovative ideas formed. The new movements that evolved from Romanticism are Nationalism, Liberalism, and Conservatism. Liberalism didn’t start out as a reactionary or branch off from the romanticism period, instead it has roots throughout the ages. For example, in 1789 after revolutions in France, France passed the document Declaration of Rights and Man, which proclaimed men are born free and equal in rights, the free communication and opinions is one of†¦show more content†¦Romantics reacting towards and rejecting the enlightenment, single-handily brought both the protestant and the catholic church back into the limelight. Conservatives would soon pick up on this and believing that all humans are not intrinsically good, believed in the stronger control of the church to maintain virtuous behavior, in both the citizen and in the state . In France and Austria, conservatism was the most prevalent with strong ties to the Catholic Pope. Conservatism would ensure peace during the Vienna congress. As romanticism dwelled in the unknown and the personification. Nationalism became a popular movement by dwelling in the bonds of certain cultures by location, religion, and even language. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) a German philosopher, would argue that each nation had its own distinctive spirit, or a volksgiest, and would continue to argue that each spirit was discovered, not invented. Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) a French painter, and Francisco Goya (1746-1828) a Spanish painter, would soon put paintings into nationalism limelight. Delacroix interpretation of the revolution of 1830 in the painting Liberty Leading the People would soon be a rallying cry wit h the personification of Marianne, or the spirt of liberty to France, leading the charge and holding the tricolorShow MoreRelatedRomanticism s Impact On America Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod of Romanticism, occurring between the years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today. The literature of Romanticism allowedRead MoreRomanticism s Impact On America Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod of Romanticism, occurring between the years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society a nd logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today. The literature of Romanticism allowedRead MoreRomanticism Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesTIMELINE: ROMANTICISM 1800-1850 ïÆ'Ëœ 1749(-1832): Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born (writer). ïÆ'Ëœ 1762: â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains.† Jean-Jacques Rousseau. ïÆ'Ëœ 1770(-1840): Neo-Classicism ïÆ'Ëœ 1770(-1850): William Wordsworth (writer) was born. ïÆ'Ëœ 1770: Industrial Revolution had an influence on the Romantic period. ïÆ'Ëœ 1785: Grim Brothers. ïÆ'Ëœ 1789: French Revolution. ïÆ'Ëœ 1800 Start of Romanticism ïÆ'Ëœ 1802(-1885): Victor Hugo (writer) was born. ïÆ'Ëœ 1802(-1870): Alexandre DumanRead MoreEnglish Language And Composition Of The Victorian Era1320 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Linares Ms. Sipars AP English Language and Composition 15 September 2015 Response #1 England’s Victorian Era was a very influential and interesting Era that took place during the time that Queen Victoria was the Queen of England. The Victorian Era started around 1830 and lasted up until the start of the 20th Century. During this Era England became very powerful. Many amazing masterpieces were created by great artists like Oscar Wilde and Charles Dickens. The three class system which weRead MoreEssay about Economic, Political, and Social Change Worksheet702 Words   |  3 Pages and Political Change Worksheet Agricultural Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in two to three sentences: 1 What are the three most important factors contributing to the agricultural revolution in Europe? The three most important factors are advanced farming equipment, three field system, and warmer temperature. 2 How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example. The agricultural revolution changed European society for the better by providingRead MoreThe Realism Movement Of France1606 Words   |  7 Pages Realism was an artistic and cultural movement that first occurred in Europe during the mid-nineteenth century. It rejected traditional forms of art, literature, and social organization as outmoded in the wake of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution (â€Å"Realism Movement†). It changed the way people viewed things, moving away from the imaginary, to the realistic. Novelists and artists in Europe started to take a new approach to character and subject matter, and attempted to portray the lifeRead MoreThere are many periods in time that have been crucial in the development of human ideals and1300 Words   |  6 Pagesdesignated by the term â€Å"Industrial Revolution†. This term would forever hold true, as europe became the â€Å"industrial cradle† of the world. There are many people credited with this, but the first person to refer to what was going on in the world as the â€Å"Industrial Revolution† was the French economist Adoplphe Blanqui. The concept of this idea of a â€Å"revolution† was loosely based on the parallel between the British economic and technological revolution, and the French political revolution. As it was statedRead MoreThe Contributions Of The Romantic Era And Romanticism1107 Words   |  5 PagesAge of Reason, also known as the Enlightenment, took place during the 18th century, which was a time for philosophers to thrive. They sought out the truth behind our everyday lives, to figure out how they shaped our society. The Romantic Era or Romanticism took place during the late 18th century to the late 19th century focused on following people’s hearts more than their minds. These time periods played a key role in shaping the society we know and live in today. Elon Musk said it best when itRead MoreEssay on Impact of the Industrial Revolution on History2331 Words   |  10 Pagesworld changes drastically. According to historians, two of these periods have taken place, and one of them was the Industrial Revolution (Miller, 492). Like its name suggests the Industrial Revolution had to do with the evolving Industry. It was a period during the 18th and 19th centuries marked by social and technological change in which manufacturing began to rely (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, Timeline Index). Power driven machines began to perform what people had done before. Many significant changes inRead MoreRomanticism Research Paper1429 Words   |  6 Pages The monarchy of Charles II started the Restoration Period, which reopened the theaters of England and literacy expanded for the middle class and the poor. According to the â€Å"History of the Times† in Holt Literature textbook, during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 that enabled William and Mary to obtain the throne of England, Parliament became powerful and started the movement of the Enlightenment (Holt 531). The Enlightenment movement flourished throughout Europe and the Western World. As the dictionary

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Bipolar Disorder

Question: Discuss about theObsessive Compulsive Disorder for Bipolar Disorder. Answer: Introduction: Mental health problems are associated with excessive stress to a specific situation or event. The most common types of mental disorder are dementia, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder and depression. According to Thomsen (2013), the signs and symptoms may include mood fluctuation, personality change and social withdrawal. An anxiety disorder is one of the most significant type of mental health disorder linked with feelings of worry, fear and uneasiness. There are several individuals who do not realize the fact that they have defined and treatable disorder. Thus, such conditions remain under diagnosed. The anxiety disorders also include impairment in the everyday functioning. One of the most common types of anxiety disorder is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This condition is not due to medical and substance use. It is a disorder of the brain which leads to severe anxiety and adversely affects the behavior of the person suffering from this condition. In this report , the aetiology, incidence and predisposing factors that contributes to OCD and the elements of a mental health condition examination related to OCD will be highlighted. Moreover, medication and nursing practice action plan based on this condition will be discussed Goodman et al., 2014). Condition One of the most severe types of anxiety disorder which affects around 2% of the global population is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. As stated by Grant (2014), this disorder is characterized by two features. The first one is obsessions such as intrusive and disturbing thoughts, impulses or images. Secondly, compulsions that includes repetitive mental acts and behaviors which neutralize obsessions and reduce the psychological distress. Such conditions causes life impairment and are time consuming. Aetiology Evidences reveal the fact that there is no specific cause of OCD (Soomro, 2012). However, the possible causes of OCD has been thought to be a combination of genetic, neurological, cognitive, behavioral or environmental factors that trigger the onset of the disorder. There are several circuits in the brain that regulates the primordial aspects of human behavior like excretion, aggression and sexuality. These circuits are responsible for the transmission of information from orbitofrontal cortex of the brain to the thalamus and striatum area. When such circuits are activated, specific impulses causes an individual to perform a significant behavior. Imbalance in neurotransmitters such as serotonin can cause OCD. Moreover, OCD can be caused by environmental factors and genetic factors such as mutation in the brain cell (Veale Roberts, 2014). Incidence According to, the incidence of DSM-III-R Obsessive-compulsive disorder in terms of adults has been estimated at 0.55 per 1000 individuals. According to ABS 2007, 1.9% of the Australians suffer from OCD every year. Research reflects the fact there is no discrepancy between the genders and both male and female are equally affected. The significant signs and symptoms originate during the childhood and presentation can be identified in the late adolescence or early adulthood Veale Roberts, 2014). Predisposing Factors The factors that increase the incidence or risk of triggering OCD are as follows: Family history where an individual in the family is affected by this disorder might elevate the risk of OCD. Traumatic events or long-term stressful events can cause OCD. Environmental factors such as occupational, relationship or educational changes, and abuse might lead to OCD (Bokor Anderson, 2014). Elements of Mental State Examination: The mental state examination is a key part of the clinical assessment process in the mental health practice. It is a defined mode of observing and explaining an individuals present state of mind in regards to behavior, attitude, thought process, cognition, perception and judgment. Based on the MSE assessment OCD can be discussed related to several elements such as mood, thought process, behavior, psychomotor agitation and speech (Zohar et al., 2012). Serial Number Elements Problems 1 Behavior Extreme discomfort, persistent and recurrent impulses, unwanted thoughts and images and severe amount of distress. The signs of obsessions include unwanted repetitive ideas, fear of contamination, aggression, constant sexual thoughts, images of hurting a close one and thoughts of getting harmed. The compulsions involve are persistent counting and checking and repeatedly washing or cleaning 2 Mood Patients experience constant mood fluctuation. These involve depression, excessive worry and tension. Mood swings and low mood is a common sign of the OCD patient. Such patients have facilitated access to same negative emotional tone and upsetting memories of earlier experiences. These factors results in mood fluctuations. 3 Thought process The thoughts associated with such patients are unwanted, superstitious and repetitive. These thoughts are often repugnant and involuntary. Such unwanted thoughts sometimes might lead to the development of suicidal thoughts. In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, various situations trigger significantly the obsession and compulsion in the individuals behavior, mood and thought process resulting in mood fluctuations anxiety, depression, distress and unwanted thoughts. Therefore these three elements have been selected in order to describe OCD (Bell, 2015). Medications There are several medicines that are used in order to cure Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. As discussed by Williams et al., (2012), the main aim of the OCD treatment is to effectively manage the signs and symptoms at the lowest possible dosage. Few psychiatric medicines have been designed to treat the obsessions and compulsions associated with OCD. There are certain antidepressants that are regularly used for the treatment of OCD. Two common medicines used for the treatment of OCD are Clomipramine and Fluvoxamine. Clomipramine According to Pauls et al., (2014), Clomipramine is a non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor has proved the fact that deficit of serotonin can lead to the development OCD. Serotonin is thus considered as a key element in the pathophysiology of this disorder. This drug blocks the serotonin reuptake pathway by the help of the pre-synaptic neuron. In turn the serotonin availability elevates in the post-synaptic receptors. Although it is not evident the type of patient that would respond to this particular drug, studies show that about 40% to 60% patients have responded to Clomipramine. In the initial administration phase the doses are divided along with meals to reduce the gastrointestinal side effects. Gradually over the next few weeks the doses should be increased up to maximum of 250 mg every day. As a nurse it is important to monitor for sedation and vertigo, at the initial stage of the medication application so that any side effect of the drug can be detected and stopped if required. Secondly, physicians should be informed if fever and other issues are detected such as sore throat since these changes can reflect the hematological complications (Figee et al., 2013). Fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor which restores the balance of serotonin and ultimately aids in decrease obsessive and compulsive behavior. As discussed by Milad Rauch (2012), Fluvoxamine is a potentselective serotonin reuptake inhibitorwith around 100-fold affinity for theserotonin transporterover thenorepinephrine transporter. In adults 50 mg of Fluvoxamine should be administered as a single dose. The dose should be increased every 4 to 7 days per the tolerance level of the patient. The doses should be divided into two parts and the larger part should be given at the bedtime, in case the doses are not equally divided. Fluvoxamine can increase or decrease the level of certain enzyme. Therefore, as a nurse assessment of the AST, ALT and bilirubin level should be monitored. Secondly, while administering the medicine side effects such as nausea, vomiting, pulse rate and seizures should be monitored (Figee et al., 2013). Nursing Practice A recovery focused practice based on the nursing practice is embodied in the practice and attitudes and it is also essential in promoting the hope, sense and wellbeing for self determination of individual with any mental disorder. The application of the Cognitive Behavioral therapy can be an effective method of treating OCD patients. In this practice patients are counseled related to several sessions which mainly focuses on the reduction in the negative thoughts by the application therapeutic treatment (Hofmann et al., 2012). This therapy has achieved success in several studies. This therapy has been found to be the most effective for dealing with the OCD patients and for their recovery. The goal of this therapeutic approach is to make the to be his or her own therapist, while providing the hope of their recovery and ensuring that they will not have any risks or side effects associated with it. This is the reason, why it is the right therapy of choice (Andersson et al., 2012). The recovery of the patients situation is promoted by encouraging patients positive thought and breaking the negative thought process. In CBT process, two evidence-based processes are used. One is cognitive therapy, which focuses on how people think and the behavior therapy, which focuses upon how this affects upon the way the individual behave. The Exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP) is used as the part of behavioral approach for helping the exploration of alternative ways to respond to the obsessional thoughts or doubts. The therapy teaches the individual with OCD that their thoughts are not the key problems to them, rather the problem is what the person is making of those thoughts and in which way they are responding to those thoughts. It is the key way of the recovery process from OCD (Arch et al., 2012). Therefore, it can be said that, this therapy is a recovery-focused therapy, where the self-determination of the patient is being prioritized. The key nursing skills and competencies that are required for the implementing CBT, for ensuring recovery of an OCD patient includes excellent communication skills and critical thinking skills. Communication is very important for establishing a good therapeutic relationship with the patient, as therapeutic relationship is the core of this therapy. After establishing a goo therapeutic relationship, the patient would be encouraged to value the perspective of the caregiver (Rogers, 2012). Therefore, if the caregiver or nurse do not consist good communication skill, the success of the recovery process would be hampered. In most of the cases, this treatment is highly effective, but in some cases, the change in thought process can enhance anxiety in the patient, which can significantly hamper the progress of recovery process. In these cases, the treatment process might not reach a successful conclusion (Arch et al., 2012). Therefore, to achieve successful outcome of the process, caregivers have to ensure that the patient is not subjected to increased anxiety during the therapeutic process. These kinds of issues can be avoided by keeping a calm environment surrounding the patient. The above problem can also be solved by implementing a combined therapy for the OCD patient. Pharmacotherapy can be added with the cognitive behavioral therapy. It has been shown significant improvement of the recovery process in some OCD patients, who are suffering from anxiety related issues during the CBT process. Some psychotic medications for reducing the anxiety symptoms are administered to the patient, to keep the patient calm. It helps to stimulate the positive thoughts in the patient and reduce agitation during positive thought process. In these ways, the barrier of implementing CBT for an OCD patient can be overwhelmed (Rogers, 2012). Conclusion Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder that involves compulsions and obsessions such as repetitive ideas, fear of contamination, aggression, constant sexual thoughts, images of hurting a close one and thoughts of getting harmed. The signs and symptoms may include mood fluctuation, personality change and social withdrawal. An anxiety disorder is one of the most significant types of mental health disorder linked with feelings of worry, fear and uneasiness. The factors that contribute to OCD biological, hereditary and environmental factors. There are certain antidepressants that are regularly used for the treatment of OCD. Two common medicines used for the treatment of OCD are Clomipramine and Fluvoxamine. Nursing interventions such as recovery focused practice based on the nursing practice can be implemented in order to cure OCD. Thus, it can be concluded that although the cause of OCD is not correctly identified, yet evidences have proved that certain medica tions and nursing interventions have got success in this field. References Andersson, E., Enander, J., Andrn, P., Hedman, E., Ljtsson, B., Hursti, T., ... Rck, C. (2012). Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessivecompulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial.Psychological medicine,42(10), 2193-2203. Arch, J. J., Eifert, G. H., Davies, C., Vilardaga, J. C. P., Rose, R. D., Craske, M. G. (2012). Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,80(5), 750. Bell, J. (2015). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Bokor, G., Anderson, P. D. (2014). Obsessivecompulsive disorder.Journal of pharmacy practice, 0897190014521996. Figee, M., Luigjes, J., Smolders, R., Valencia-Alfonso, C. E., van Wingen, G., de Kwaasteniet, B., ... Levar, N. (2013). Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Nature neuroscience,16(4), 386-387. Goodman, W. K., Grice, D. E., Lapidus, K. A., Coffey, B. J. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive disorder.Psychiatric Clinics of North America,37(3), 257-267. Grant, J. E. (2014). Obsessivecompulsive disorder.New England Journal of Medicine,371(7), 646-653. Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses.Cognitive therapy and research,36(5), 427-440. Milad, M. R., Rauch, S. L. (2012). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways.Trends in cognitive sciences,16(1), 43-51. Pauls, D. L., Abramovitch, A., Rauch, S. L., Geller, D. A. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,15(6), 410-424. Rogers, C. (2012).On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Soomro, G. M. (2012). Obsessive compulsive disorder.BMJ clinical evidence,2012. Thomsen, P. H. (2013). Obsessivecompulsive disorders.European child adolescent psychiatry,22(1), 23-28. Veale, D., Roberts, A. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive disorder.BMJ,348, g2183. Williams, M., Powers, M. B., Foa, E. B. (2012). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.Handbook of evidence-based practice in clinical psychology. Zohar, J., Greenberg, B., Denys, D. (2012). Obsessive-compulsive disorder.Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier BV,106, 375-90.

The White Devil Essay Example

The White Devil Essay In act 2, playwright John Webster uses a framed narrative to portray the deaths of Isabella and Camillo, creating a psychological horror rather than a graphical one. Through the use of a conjuror, Webster manages to show deaths via ‘sophistic tricks’ from the ‘nigromancer’. By using this character as another narrator, a certain distance is created between the audience and the actions on scene, allowing the minds of the audience to wander, questioning the events that led up to the murders, and perhaps whether the conjuror’s visions were accurate or not. In addition, Brachiano’s indifferent response to the death, calling it ‘excellent’ may make the audience horrified by his ignorance of the brutal murders. Further horror is present in the irony of Isabella’s demise as she ‘kisses†¦thrice’ the portrait of the very man who plotted to murder her, a tragic end to a character who seemed to be completely pure. Perhaps Webster uses this as a ‘shock tactic’, making a Catholic Jacobean audience question whether a higher power is really protecting them if they would allow the archetype of goodness die in such a manner. This thought would have resonated in the 17th century as new discoveries in sciences such as astronomy may have made many wonder whether ‘believers’ were actually any better than ‘non-believers’. Brachiano definitely has the qualities of a villainous ‘non-believer’ taken to a hyperbolic level, severing any ties with the chaste Isabella, referring to the man that married her as just a ‘dead shadow’ of himself. Such a strong characterization plays into the psyche of the audience; especially those with faith in religion, making them question whether worldly desires are worth the suffering they will have to face in Hell. We will write a custom essay sample on The White Devil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The White Devil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The White Devil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Brachiano’s character, therefore, can be juxtaposed with Isabella’s, whose death showed the evil of society, but whose faith will lead her into heaven. This contrasting set of character force the audience into a dichotomy, almost making them choose between heaven or hell, all of which is done very subtly, and with no graphic imagery illustrating either side. This concept is relatable to the dark comedy and satire in this section of the play too. The state of Camillo’s corpse ‘folded double as ‘twere under the horse’ is possibly a sexual reference to his sexual inadequacy and a humiliating way to show that he was cuckolded. The ease at which the conjuror planned this murder and the casual tone of conversation he has with Brachiano is almost unsettling, which makes one wonder what other perverted ideas does society think of that is not shared with the public. The sense that all these characters are part of a debauched society is present again when Brachiano refers to politcians as â€Å"asses in foot cloth[s]’ and the conjuror says that Camillo has a ‘politic face’. This shows the corruption in the 1st and 2nd estate, making the audience question whether these hateful figures of government have only immorality in common. Underlying these comic dumb shows with such rhetorical questions truly makes the audience question whether it is moral to find these scenes amusing. The audiences morality is once again called into question when they desire to know more about the details of Isabella and Camillo’s death which, like Brachiano, they ‘taste not fully. ’ The audience may be facing another dilemma when they consider that such injustice in society may be happening all around them, quite horrific to know that such exaggerated scenes may be very real.