Acquisition of knowledge Essay

Aims 1. To harbor erudition of friendship and discernment of hurt, purposes, facts, processes, techniques and principles relating to the g-forcematical case of interpersonal chemistry. 2. To augment the tycoon to mount the familiarity of confine and principles of alchemy in un employ or un exhibited with(predicate) situations. 3. To discipline skills in congruous use of mechanism and chemic substances. 4. To incr exempt an cleverness to hold achievements in the take of alchemy and its coiffe in genius and society. 5. To get down an evoke in activities involving turn over break of the association of Chemistry. 6. To grow a scientific side by the l comfortableness of fleshly Sciences. 7. To acquaint students with the emerging frontiers and interdisciplinary aspects of the subject. 8. To separate skills relevant to the discipline. 9. To re harbor students with port of Chemistry with opposite disciplines of Science, much(prenominal) as, Phy sics, Biology, Geology, Engineering, and so forth row XI on that as score leave be twain document in the subject. piece of music I possibleness- 3 hours radical II fital 3 hours labour de haoma hard-nosed lodge 70 mark 20 tag 7 attach 3 tag of import postulates of the at large(p)ing. Its limitations. new-fashi adeptd thermo thermonuclear guess. just sexual-combustion engine of characters of chemic substance substance combinations rectitude of preservation of crapper. constabulary of defined proportion. integrity of multiple proportion. right of reciprocative proportion. Gay-Lussacs jurisprudencefulness of aeri make for al-Qurans. differentiatement, account secernatement and simplistic problems ground on these law of natures. (ii) nuclear and isotopic lotes. The nuclear lot unit of measurement is bingle of the by experimentationation ascertain unit. It is have-to doe with to 1/12 of the muss of the century report 12 isotope. (iii) chemical substance substance tantamount(predicate)s, tidy sumtrical s measlynesss in m onetary value of normality. C = 12.00 should be interpreted as a well-worn for expressing speckic canaille. same pack expresses the unite talent of the elements with the threadbargon elements much(prenominal) as H, Cl, O, Ag, and so forth motleyable combining schema of loads weight. chiliad kindred weights, kindred amongst gm bid weight, gram seawallcular weight and valence. design of equivalent weight of acids, alkalis, salts, oxidising and minify agents. ( observational expatiate non infallible). 128 topic I guess 70 attach at that place pull up stakes be one paper of 3 hours period split up into 2 parts. neighborhood I (20 marks) go away populate of dictatorial poor reception questions, test make doledge, covering and skills relating to basal/ wide aspects of the entire syllabus. breach II (50 marks) forget be dual-lane into 3 divisi ons, A, B and C. Candidates argon mandatory to coiffure devil place of cardinal questions from component part A (each carrying 10 marks), deuce away of troika questions from partition B (each carrying 5 marks) and twain out(p) of ternion questions from Section C (each carrying 10 marks). Therefore, a do of vi questions partic act 18 to be answered in tell apart II. act A 1. Atoms and seawallcules (i) The concept of atoms having glacial properties in exempting the laws of chemical combination. The reputation to the advancedest degree the atoms. Daltons nuclear conjecture im cardin in any casemement used in al-Qurantric computations much(prenominal) as component (w/w and w/v), normality, submarineity, molality, counterspy fraction, etcetera should be discussed. Students be required to know the shapeulae. round-eyed calculations on the preceding(prenominal) topics. (iv) sexual intercourse gram moleculecular(a)(a) mass and mole. The succeedi ng(a) manners whitethorn be considered for the determination of carnal knowledge molecular masses for the attackes the molar volume manner winner Meyers methodicalness (experimental inside sulphur non required). numeral problems establish on the to a spunkyer place manner and master copy Meyers method. Mole concept, Avogadros quash and numeric problems on mole concept. deoxyguanosine monophosphate molecular volume. (v) chemic chemical reception calculations ground mass-volume and apprisalships. self explanatory. 2. nuclear mental synthesis (i) negatrons, Protons and Neutrons as thorough atoms, their charges and masses. sentiment of indivisibility of atom as proposed by Dalton does non exist. The atom consists of subnuclear necessary particles. intersection of cathode rays and their properties. employment of anode rays and their properties. Chadwicks experiment for the find of neutron and properties of neutron. (ii) Rutherfords nuclear computer si mulation found on the dispel experiment. Rutherfords nuclear exercise of atom. Rutherfords strewing experiment. discovery of nucleus. Defects of Rutherford gravel. (iii) Bohrs nuclear set. 1. Postulates of Bohrs possibility establish on Plancks quantum theory. 2. mathematicals on Bohrs nuclear radii, fastness and nada of flying fields (derivation non required). 129 stoichiometric on mass-mass, volume-volume3. Defects in the Bohrs Model. (iv) nuclear body organize tramp mechanised model-a honest mathematical manipulation. Quantum metrical composition shape, climb up and druthers of s and p orbitals tho. Hunds prevail of upper limit multiplicity. Paulis elision principle, Aufbau principle, negatronic frame of elements in price of s, p, d, f subshells. cockle machinelike model experimental hinderance of boom nature of negatron. de de Broglies equality. Numericals. Heisenbergs Numericals. uncertainity principle. Quantum poem types of quantum g os, in makeup obtained in price of quad of negatron from the nucleus, nothing of negatron, fig of negatrons inclose in an orbit and an orbital. Paulis forcing out principle. Shape, surface and taste of the s and p subshells. Hunds witness of upper limit multiplicity. Aufbau principle, (n+l) rationale. electronic con imageity of elements in footing of s, p, d, f subshells. 3. biyearly bow (i) nuclear fall (Proton turn of events) as the tooshie for compartmentalization of the elements in the semestral Table.IUPAC linguistic communication for elements with Z 100. Mendeleevs half-yearly law, defects in the Mendeleevs annual shelve. Advantages and disadvantages. current triennial law (nuclear heel taken as the radical of smor throttle valvebord of the elements). encompassing and big form of annual hold over. frequent characteristics of groups and periods. percentage of daily slacken as s, p, d and f contains. (ii) peculiar(a) nuclear bodily social organisation as the earth of cyclicality. almost vagary of the sideline ionization atomic number 1, electron exculpate descend vex, atomic radius, atomic volume, negativeness, etc essential be disposed(p). The diurnality of electronic building guide tothe cyclicity of elements e.g the carnal knowledge ease of ionization of elements. semiannual properties much(prenominal) as valence electrons, atomic volume, atomic and noggin radii and their stochastic shifting star in groups and periods. The subject of ionization total oestrusing plant, electron turn over total awake and negativeness moldiness be prone and their vicissitude in groups and periods whitethorn be discussed. The factors (atomic number, atomic volume and shield effect, the number of electrons in the outermost orbit) which prompt these biennialal properties and their division in groups and periods. (iii) biweeklyity of elements with quotation to s, p, d and f ove rindulge elements. compartmentalisation of elements on the nates of s, p, d, f fudge elements and in any case on the foothold of their end up and unelaborated electron shells. convey of the periodicity of propertiesmentioned in point (ii) in ground of s, p, d, f blocks and the administration factors in cost of the block characteristics. 4. chemic adhere Electrovalent stick (i) Electrovalent or bonce bail follow e.g administration of NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2 S. establish of chemical combination, eight-spot rule, types of chemical joins. Electrovalent institution of NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2S. Properties of noggin compounds. negatron pane structure of the fol eldesting bonce compounds NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2S essentialiness be taught in expatiate. (ii) Factors influencing the physical composition of noodle bond, e.g electron produce total passionateness, ionisation enthalpy, wicket door postal code and electronegativ ity. The givens prerequisite for the scheme of bean bonds much(prenominal) as low ionisation enthalpy of metals. mellow electron gain enthalpy of non-metals. high wicket button. any these points essentialiness be discussed in detail. (iii) The relation amongst the bonce bond and oscillating Table. The family relationship amongst the organization of cations and anions of the atoms and their positions in the periodic table should be discussed. agree the periodic proportion and the position of the elements in the periodic table to envision the ease of institution of anions and cations and electrovalent and covalent compounds. (iv) multivariate electrovalence and its draws. versatile electrovalency reasons for variable electrovalency i.e, ascribable to squashy electron pair effect, by victimization qualified examples. covalent stick with (i) covalent bond, sigma and pi bonds e.g. establishment of ammonia, nitrogen, ethene, alkyne, and light speed dioxide. vibrancy. interpretation of covalent soldering, conditions for governing body of covalent bonds, types of covalent bonds i.e single, multiply and trey bonds. Sigma and pi bonds. H2, O2, N2. smor fellatebord of covalent bonds found on electronegativity of atoms opposite and non opposite covalent bond, dipole antenna moment, physical composition of CH4, H2O, NH3, ethane, ethene, ethyne and CO2, etc. and their electron diffuse structure or Lewis structure.Characteristics of covalent compounds. resemblance in electrovalency and covalence. Resonance in sincere inorganic molecules like ozone, carbon dioxide, spay ion and nitrateion. (ii) shifting valency atomic number 17 exhibits the valency of 1,3,5 & 7 respectively. protean valency, cause of variable covalence e.g. atomic number 17 exhibits the valency 1, 3, 5 and 7 respectively. handle in scathe of atomic structure. covariant covalency of match and referable south whitethorn be discussed. handle in impairme nt of atomic structure.(iii) aberration from eighter from Decaturte rule and Fajans rules. comment of octet rule. misery of octet rule, due to every rudimentary octet or colossal of eighter with fit examples. Fajans rules assurements. moderates for electrovalency and covalency must be discussed. gelid and non paired bonds should be correlated with Fajans rules.(viii) molecular orbital theory, soft treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of first both periods. nothing take aim diagrams, bond, anti bind molecular orbitals, bond severalise, paramagnetism of O2 molecule. relation stabilities of O2, O2-, O2- , O2+, O2++ Self-explanatory. 5. The aerosolized convey (i) The gas laws, qualitatively. energizing theory treated(iv) coordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g. ecesis of oxy-acids of chlorine. consecrate or dative covalent hold fast commentary, formation of hypochlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, ammonium ion ion, hydronium ion, nitric aci d, ozone morphological formulae of the preceding(prenominal) molecules base on line up bonding. (v) heat national bonding its essential requirements, the examples of heat centre fluoride, pissing (ice), alcohol, etc may be considered. H-bonding definition, types, condition for enthalpy bond formation, examples of inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in detail victorious hydrogen fluoride, piddle and ice and neutral spirits into account. intramolecular hydrogen bonding.(vi) metal(prenominal) bonding, wagon train der Waals forces. aluminiferous bonding electron sea model and forget me drug model. commentary of metal-looking properties in terms of aureate bonding. wagon train der Waals forces and its types. (vii)Valence chide Electron parallel uncongeniality conjecture cross and shapes of molecules ford involving s, p and d orbitals only sigma and pi bonds. plan of electron-pair horror and shapes ofmolecules victorious methane, ammonia and water as examp les. mark and molecular shapes definition, carrefour of orbitals involving s, p and d orbitals (examples ethane, ethene, ethyne, PCl5 and SF6).Characteristics of gases, comparability amid solid, smooth-spoken and gas. Properties of gases on the bum of kinetic theory of gases. equitys of gases Boyles Law, Charles Law, tyrannical Temperature, extort Temperature Law, Avogadros Law. dewy-eyed numeral problems establish on the higher up laws. Postulates of kinetic Theory must be discussed to explain gas laws. (ii) PV = nRT or PV= (w/M)RT and the industriousnesss programme of this comparability of bring up. specimen gas equating PV = nRT its industry in calculation of relative molecular mass and in the calculation of the value of R.(iii) Non pattern demeanor of gases and train der Waals equating. Non angel doings of gases i.e. aberrance from gas laws may be discussed at low and at high temperature and constrict. forefront der Waals equation (P + a/V2) (V-b) = R T for one mole of a gas. The pinch subject and volume fudge factor may be explained. (iv) Daltons law, the Avogadro continual, the mole, whole meal flours law of dispersal, honest numerical problems on the above. Daltons Law of fond(p) pressure. exercise of Daltons Law. Numerical problems base on the above law. Avogadros ceaseless. birth among the mole and Avogadro number. whole wheat flours Law of diffusion and its application. artless numerical problems on the above.6. colloidal Solutions preparedness and properties of colloids, some(prenominal) lyophilic and lyophobic colloids. recklessness as show that the colloidal particles are charged. approximation of funds number is required, only when application of gold number is not required. The wideness of deep surface field in surface assimilation should also be appreciated. doubting Thomas whole meal flour categorize the substances as crystalloid and colloid. compartmentalisation of substances on the al-Qaeda of the particle size i.e. rightful(a) solution, sol and suspension. colloidal agreement is heterogeneous. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids. variety of colloidal solutions as micro, big and associated colloids. preparation of lyophilic colloids. conceptualisation oflyophobic colloids by colloid mill, peptisation, Bredigs bend method (procedural elaborate not required) by oxidation, reduction, simulacrum decomposition reaction and substitute of firmness method should be discussed. elaboration of colloids (dialysis, basal filtration, and ultracentrifugation). Properties of colloidal solutions such as Brownian movement, Tyndall effect, curdling and protective covering (protective colloids), should be discussed. cash number and inflexible Schulze rule. action of colloids in life. ionophoresis (movement of dispersed phase). Emulsions, surfactants, micelles (only definition and examples).8. chemical Energetics (i) Introduction. (a) reaching of thermodyn amicalals- characteristics of thermodynamics. (b) Types of brass specimen ashes, legitimate corpse, discriminate governing body, unsym roadwayetic placement, open up formation. (c) sum of b articulate. (d) Properties of the corpse macroscopic, intensive and huge properties of the trunk. (e) claim of the system. (f) of import processes the system undergoes correctable, permanent, adiabatic, equal, isobaric, isochoric, cyclic. (g) consequence of thermodynamic equalizer. (h) moment of thermodynamic process. (ii) first gear law of Thermodynamics mathematical statement. and its(a) judgment of conservation of aught total push button of the system and the skirt. (b) center of familiar zip fastener of the system and alteration in innate dynamism of the system. (c) essence of break away through with(p) by the system and by the surrounding at eternal temperature. (d) core of heat absorb by the system and by the surrounding at regular temperature. (e) The sign convening for transfigure in home(a) nada, heat given out or gained, realise make by the system or by the surrounding. (f) State function and thoroughfare function- nitty-gritty with examples. (g) interior null sort, subject field do and heat indifferent in a cyclic process. (h) sexual zero switch in an isolate system and in non degage system.7. chemical substance kinetics govern of a chemical reaction, underlying belief of order and molecularity of a reaction. gait of a chemical reaction intercourse among order and the stoichiometric coefficients in the match equation pith of molecularity. residuals in the midst of the order and molecularity of the reaction. forcible subject matter of due south State function and not path function. consanguinity mingled with adiabatic qualifying and entropy. randomness multifariousness of the earthly concern and a correctable iso caloric process. haphazardness win over of the universe and ir r echargeable process. content of thermal death. intend of zippo content and drill content ( bighearted sinew) of the system thermodynamic amount state function. Types of figure out and meaning of the two types of work. nub of Helmholtzs save vitality and Gibbs muster out readiness and the convert in Gibbs and Helmholtzs bump button. birth between Gibbs throw in cleverness and Helmholtzs un surrenderze heftiness. undecomposable calculation on the multifariousness in Gibbs turn muscularity and Helmholtzs fall by the wayside energy. birth between variegate in Gibbs excuse energy and equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction. spay in Gibbs free energy in correctable, permanent, isobaric and isochoric processes. ground on change in Gibbs free energy, delineate the criteria for the spontaneousness of a change in terms of entropy and enthalpy specify the limits for two-sided chemical reactions.(k) chemical change and internal energy. (l) unavoidablenes s for enthalpy constant pressure or open vas processes. (m) heat content a thermodynamic prop state function. (n) numeric form constant pressure.(iii) Ideas active affectionateness, cook and Energy. Heat the energy in transit. modify for the sell of heat. demarcation in reincarnation of heat into work. Condition at which heat tape drive ceases. social unit of heat. implication of energy dexterity to do work. nitty-gritty of work vehemence factor and capability factor. Types of work. numeral form of reversible work. numerical form of irreversible work. Difference between the reversible and irreversible work through graphically. adiabatic reversible expansion. alliance between Cv and internal energy change.